Code-Switching, a common phenomenon in written text and conversation, has been studied over decades by the natural language processing (NLP) research community. Initially, code-switching is intensively explored by leveraging linguistic theories and, currently, more machine-learning oriented approaches to develop models. We introduce a comprehensive systematic survey on code-switching research in natural language processing to understand the progress of the past decades and conceptualize the challenges and tasks on the code-switching topic. Finally, we summarize the trends and findings and conclude with a discussion for future direction and open questions for further investigation.
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We present NusaCrowd, a collaborative initiative to collect and unite existing resources for Indonesian languages, including opening access to previously non-public resources. Through this initiative, we have has brought together 137 datasets and 117 standardized data loaders. The quality of the datasets has been assessed manually and automatically, and their effectiveness has been demonstrated in multiple experiments. NusaCrowd's data collection enables the creation of the first zero-shot benchmarks for natural language understanding and generation in Indonesian and its local languages. Furthermore, NusaCrowd brings the creation of the first multilingual automatic speech recognition benchmark in Indonesian and its local languages. Our work is intended to help advance natural language processing research in under-represented languages.
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The BLOOM model is a large open-source multilingual language model capable of zero-shot learning, but its pretraining was limited to 46 languages. To improve its zero-shot performance on unseen languages, it is desirable to adapt BLOOM, but previous works have only explored adapting small language models. In this work, we apply existing language adaptation strategies to BLOOM and benchmark its zero-shot prompting performance on eight new languages. We find language adaptation to be effective at improving zero-shot performance in new languages. Surprisingly, adapter-based finetuning is more effective than continued pretraining for large models. In addition, we discover that prompting performance is not significantly affected by language specifics, such as the writing system. It is primarily determined by the size of the language adaptation data. We also add new languages to BLOOMZ, which is a multitask finetuned version of BLOOM capable of following task instructions zero-shot. We find including a new language in the multitask fine-tuning mixture to be the most effective method to teach BLOOMZ a new language. We conclude that with sufficient training data language adaptation can generalize well to diverse languages. Our code is available at \url{https://github.com/bigscience-workshop/multilingual-modeling/}.
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Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.
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角度分辨光发射光谱(ARPES)技术的最新发展涉及空间分辨样品,同时保持动量空间的高分辨率特征。这种开发很容易扩大数据大小及其复杂性以进行数据分析,其中之一是标记类似的分散剪辑并在空间上绘制它们。在这项工作中,我们证明了代表性学习(自我监督学习)模型的最新发展与K均值聚类相结合可以帮助自动化数据分析的一部分并节省宝贵的时间,尽管表现较低。最后,我们在代表空间中介绍了几次学习(k-nearest邻居或KNN),在该空间中,我们有选择地选择一个(k = 1)每个已知标签的图像参考,随后将其余的数据标记为最接近的参考图片。最后一种方法证明了自我监督的学习的强度,特别是在ARPE中自动化图像分析,并且可以推广到任何涉及图像数据的科学数据分析中。
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在阻止印尼自然语言处理(NLP)研究进步的基本问题的中心,我们发现数据稀缺。印尼语言,尤其是当地语言的资源极为稀缺和代表性不足。许多印尼研究人员没有发布其数据集。此外,我们拥有的少数公共数据集散布在不同的平台上,因此使印尼NLP的可重复性和以数据为中心的研究更加艰巨。面对这一挑战,我们开始了第一个印尼NLP众包努力,Nusacrowd。Nusacrowd努力为所有印尼语言中的NLP任务提供标准化数据加载,以提供最大的数据表聚合。通过使印尼NLP资源的开放式和集中式访问能力,我们希望Nusacrowd可以解决阻碍印度尼西亚NLP进展的数据稀缺问题,并将NLP从业者带来合作。
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通常通过过去的选择来告知机器学习中的评估,例如要使用哪些数据集或指标。该标准化可以使用排行榜对平等基础进行比较,但是随着出现更好的替代方案,评估选择变得不佳。这个问题在自然语言生成中尤其相关,该语言需要不断改善的数据集,指标和人类评估以提出确定性的主张。为了使遵循最佳模型评估实践更加容易,我们介绍了GEMV2。新版本的一代,评估和指标基准为数据集,模型和指标开发人员提供了模块化基础架构,以使彼此受益。GEMV2支持40种记录的数据集中51种语言。所有数据集的模型都可以在线评估,我们的交互式数据卡创建和渲染工具使得在Living Benchmark中添加新数据集变得更加容易。
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语言模型既展示了定量的改进,又展示了新的定性功能,随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响,但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息,为破坏性的新模型能力做准备,并改善社会有害的效果,至关重要的是,我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战,我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准(Big Bench)。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成,由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的,从语言学,儿童发展,数学,常识性推理,生物学,物理学,社会偏见,软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号,Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为,跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外,一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务,以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括:模型性能和校准都随规模改善,但绝对的术语(以及与评估者的性能相比);在模型类中的性能非常相似,尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分,而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标;社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加,但这可以通过提示来改善。
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随着深度学习和智能车辆的兴起,智能助手已成为促进驾驶和提供额外功能的基本内部组件。汽车智能助理应该能够处理一般的和与汽车有关的命令,并执行相应的操作,减轻驾驶和提高安全性。但是,对于低资源语言存在数据稀缺问题,妨碍了研究和应用的发展。在本文中,我们介绍了一个新的DataSet,粤式视听语音识别(CI-AVSR),用于粤语中的车载命令识别,具有视频和音频数据。它由令人宣传的30个粤语发言者记录的200个车载命令的4,984个样本(8.3小时)组成。此外,我们使用常见的内部内部背景噪声增强我们的数据集来模拟真实环境,产生比收集的数据集大10倍。我们提供我们数据集的清洁和增强版本的详细统计信息。此外,我们实施了两个多模式基线以证明CI-AVSR的有效性。实验结果表明,利用视觉信号提高了模型的整体性能。虽然我们的最佳模型可以在清洁测试集上实现相当大的质量,但嘈杂数据的语音识别质量仍然是较差的,并且仍然是真正的车载语音识别系统的极其具有挑战性的任务。数据集和代码将在https://github.com/hltchkust/ci-avsr发布。
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代码切换是在对话期间交换语言时的语音现象。尽管对会话语言中的代码切换的自发性,但大多数现有工程通过读取语音而不是自发的语音来收集代码切换数据。Ascend(一个自发的中国英语数据集)介绍了香港收集的自发多转对话对话中英语代码切换语料库的高质量资源。我们报告了提升的设计和收集语音数据的程序,包括在这项工作中的注释。上升包括23个双语,这些双语流利,汉英都流利,而且由9.23小时的清洁语音组成。
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